Coming Soon...???
Monday, July 30, 2007
Saturday, July 28, 2007
Ethics and Virtue
Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer
For many of us, the fundamental question of ethics is, "What should I do?" or "How should I act?" Ethics is supposed to provide us with "moral principles" or universal rules that tell us what to do. Many people, for example, read passionate adherents of the moral principle of utilitarianism: "Everyone is obligated to do whatever will achieve the greatest good for the greatest number." Others are just as devoted to the basic principle of Immanuel Kant: "Everyone is obligated to act only in ways that respect the human dignity and moral rights of all persons."
Moral principles like these focus primarily on people's actions and doings. We "apply" them by asking what these principles require of us in particular circumstances, e.g., when considering whether to lie or to commit suicide. We also apply them when we ask what they require of us as professionals, e.g., lawyers, doctors, or business people, or what they require of our social policies and institutions. In the last decade, dozens of ethics centers and programs devoted to "business ethics", "legal ethics", "medical ethics", and "ethics in public policy" have sprung up. These centers are designed to examine the implications moral principles have for our lives.
But are moral principles all that ethics consists of? Critics have rightly claimed that this emphasis on moral principles smacks of a thoughtless and slavish worship of rules, as if the moral life was a matter of scrupulously checking our every action against a table of do's and don'ts. Fortunately, this obsession with principles and rules has been recently challenged by several ethicists who argue that the emphasis on principles ignores a fundamental component of ethics--virtue. These ethicists point our that by focusing on what people should do or how people should act, the "moral principles approach" neglects the more important issue--what people should be. In other words, the fundamental question of ethics is not "What should I do?" but "What kind of person should I be?"
According to "virtue ethics", there are certain ideals, such as excellence or dedication to the common good, toward which we should strive and which allow the full development of our humanity. These ideals are discovered through thoughtful reflection on what we as human beings have the potential to become.
"Virtues" are attitudes, dispositions, or character traits that enable us to be and to act in ways that develop this potential. They enable us to pursue the ideals we have adopted. Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are all examples of virtues.
How does a person develop virtues? Virtues are developed through learning and through practice. As the ancient philosopher Aristotle suggested, a person can improve his or her character by practicing self-discipline, while a good character can be corrupted by repeated self-indulgence. Just as the ability to run a marathon develops through much training and practice, so too does our capacity to be fair, to be courageous, or to be compassionate.
Virtues are habits. That is, once they are acquired, they become characteristic of a person. For example, a person who has developed the virtue of generosity is often referred to as a generous person because he or she tends to be generous in all circumstances. Moreover, a person who has developed virtues will be naturally disposed to act in ways that are consistent with moral principles. The virtuous person is the ethical person.
At the heart of the virtue approach to ethics is the idea of "community". A person's character traits are not developed in isolation, but within and by the communities to which he or she belongs, including family, church, school, and other private and public associations. As people grow and mature, their personalities are deeply affected by the values that their communities prize, by the personality traits that their communities encourage, and by the role models that their communities put forth for imitation through traditional stories, fiction, movies, television, and so on. The virtue approach urges us to pay attention to the contours of our communities and the habits of character they encourage and instill.
The moral life, then, is not simply a matter of following moral rules and of learning to apply them to specific situations. The moral life is also a matter of trying to determine the kind of people we should be and of attending to the development of character within our communities and ourselves.
Taken from: Santa Clara University
For many of us, the fundamental question of ethics is, "What should I do?" or "How should I act?" Ethics is supposed to provide us with "moral principles" or universal rules that tell us what to do. Many people, for example, read passionate adherents of the moral principle of utilitarianism: "Everyone is obligated to do whatever will achieve the greatest good for the greatest number." Others are just as devoted to the basic principle of Immanuel Kant: "Everyone is obligated to act only in ways that respect the human dignity and moral rights of all persons."
Moral principles like these focus primarily on people's actions and doings. We "apply" them by asking what these principles require of us in particular circumstances, e.g., when considering whether to lie or to commit suicide. We also apply them when we ask what they require of us as professionals, e.g., lawyers, doctors, or business people, or what they require of our social policies and institutions. In the last decade, dozens of ethics centers and programs devoted to "business ethics", "legal ethics", "medical ethics", and "ethics in public policy" have sprung up. These centers are designed to examine the implications moral principles have for our lives.
But are moral principles all that ethics consists of? Critics have rightly claimed that this emphasis on moral principles smacks of a thoughtless and slavish worship of rules, as if the moral life was a matter of scrupulously checking our every action against a table of do's and don'ts. Fortunately, this obsession with principles and rules has been recently challenged by several ethicists who argue that the emphasis on principles ignores a fundamental component of ethics--virtue. These ethicists point our that by focusing on what people should do or how people should act, the "moral principles approach" neglects the more important issue--what people should be. In other words, the fundamental question of ethics is not "What should I do?" but "What kind of person should I be?"
According to "virtue ethics", there are certain ideals, such as excellence or dedication to the common good, toward which we should strive and which allow the full development of our humanity. These ideals are discovered through thoughtful reflection on what we as human beings have the potential to become.
"Virtues" are attitudes, dispositions, or character traits that enable us to be and to act in ways that develop this potential. They enable us to pursue the ideals we have adopted. Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are all examples of virtues.
How does a person develop virtues? Virtues are developed through learning and through practice. As the ancient philosopher Aristotle suggested, a person can improve his or her character by practicing self-discipline, while a good character can be corrupted by repeated self-indulgence. Just as the ability to run a marathon develops through much training and practice, so too does our capacity to be fair, to be courageous, or to be compassionate.
Virtues are habits. That is, once they are acquired, they become characteristic of a person. For example, a person who has developed the virtue of generosity is often referred to as a generous person because he or she tends to be generous in all circumstances. Moreover, a person who has developed virtues will be naturally disposed to act in ways that are consistent with moral principles. The virtuous person is the ethical person.
At the heart of the virtue approach to ethics is the idea of "community". A person's character traits are not developed in isolation, but within and by the communities to which he or she belongs, including family, church, school, and other private and public associations. As people grow and mature, their personalities are deeply affected by the values that their communities prize, by the personality traits that their communities encourage, and by the role models that their communities put forth for imitation through traditional stories, fiction, movies, television, and so on. The virtue approach urges us to pay attention to the contours of our communities and the habits of character they encourage and instill.
The moral life, then, is not simply a matter of following moral rules and of learning to apply them to specific situations. The moral life is also a matter of trying to determine the kind of people we should be and of attending to the development of character within our communities and ourselves.
Taken from: Santa Clara University
Friday, July 27, 2007
Friendster Horoscope for July 27, 2007
Gemini (May 21 - Jun 21)
The Bottom Line
The hard choices are behind you! Today, bask in the glow of a clear conscience.
In Detail
The difficult choices are behind you! Today you will be able to focus your energies on basking in the glow of a clear conscience. You have done what you were meant to do, and no more involvement on your part is required! If you have the time, this is a great day to strike off on your own into nature -- a short hike or a walk in the woods will do a wonderful job of centering you, getting your feet back on the ground, and preparing you for the opportunities that are waiting in the wings.
-----------------------
Wish me Luck !
:p
The Bottom Line
The hard choices are behind you! Today, bask in the glow of a clear conscience.
In Detail
The difficult choices are behind you! Today you will be able to focus your energies on basking in the glow of a clear conscience. You have done what you were meant to do, and no more involvement on your part is required! If you have the time, this is a great day to strike off on your own into nature -- a short hike or a walk in the woods will do a wonderful job of centering you, getting your feet back on the ground, and preparing you for the opportunities that are waiting in the wings.
-----------------------
Wish me Luck !
:p
Monday, July 23, 2007
Personal Responsibility
I have been running…
But it always catches up…
I really hate this…
Should I stop down,
and take it running with me?
Maybe it is time…
Just a bit of time more… I will try…
I should face responsibility…
Content below is from : Tools for Coping with Life's Stressors
What is accepting personal responsibility?
Accepting personal responsibility includes:
- Acknowledging that you are solely responsible for the choices in your life.
- Accepting that you are responsible for what you choose to feel or think.
- Accepting that you choose the direction for your life.
- Accepting that you cannot blame others for the choices you have made.
- Tearing down the mask of defense or rationale for why others are responsible for who you are, what has happened to you, and what you are bound to become.
- The rational belief that you are responsible for determining who your are, and how your choices affect your life.
- Pointing the finger of responsibility back to yourself and away from others when you are discussing the consequences of your actions.
- Realizing that you determine your feelings about any events or actions addressed to you, no matter how negative they seem.
- Recognizing that you are your best cheerleader; it is not reasonable or healthy for you to depend on others to make you feel good about yourself.
- Recognizing that as you enter adulthood and maturity, you determine how your self-esteem will develop.
- Not feeling sorry for the "bum deal" you have been handed but taking hold of your life and giving it direction and reason.
- Letting go of your sense of over responsibility for others.
- Protecting and nurturing your health and emotional well being.
- Taking preventive health oriented steps of structuring your life with time management, stress management, confronting fears, and burnout prevention.
- Taking an honest inventory of your strengths, abilities, talents, virtues, and positive points.
- Developing positive, self-affirming, self-talk scripts to enhance your personal development and growth.
- Letting go of blame and anger toward those in your past who did the best they could, given the limitations of their knowledge, background, and awareness.
- Working out anger, hostility, pessimism, and depression over past hurts, pains, abuse, mistreatment, and misdirection.
How can failing to accept personal responsibility result in negative consequences?
When you have not accepted personal responsibility, you can run the risk of becoming:
- Overly dependent on others for recognition, approval, affirmation, and acceptance.
- Chronically hostile, angry, or depressed over how unfairly you have been or are being treated.
- Fearful about ever taking a risk or making a decision.
- Overwhelmed by disabling fears.
- Unsuccessful at the enterprises you take on in life.
- Unsuccessful in personal relationships.
- Emotionally or physically unhealthy.
- Addicted to unhealthy substances, such as the abuse of alcohol, drugs, food, or unhealthy behavior such as excessive gambling, shopping, sex, smoking, work, etc.
- Over responsible and guilt ridden in your need to rescue and enable others in your life.
- Unable to develop trust or to feel secure with others.
- Resistant to vulnerability.
What do people believe who have not accepted personal responsibility?
- It's not my fault I am the way I am.
- I never asked to be born.
- Now that you have me, what are you going to do with me?
- I want you to fix me.
- Life is unfair! There is no sense in trying to take control of my life.
- Why go on; I see no use in it.
- You can't help me, nobody can help me. I'm useless and a failure.
- God has asked too much of me this time. There is no way I'll ever be able to handle this.
- When do the troubles and problems cease? I'm tired of all this.
- Stop the world; I want to get off.
- Life is so depressing. If only I had better luck and had been born to a healthier family, or attended a better school, or gotten a better job, etc.
- How can you say I am responsible for what happens to me in the future? There is fate, luck, politics, greed, envy, wicked and jealous people, and other negative influences that have a greater bearing on my future than I have.
- How can I ever be happy, seeing how bad my life has been?
- My parents made me what I am today!
- The problems in my family have influenced who I am and what I will be; there is nothing I can do to change that.
- Racism, bigotry, prejudice, sexism, ageism, and closed mindedness all stand in the way of my becoming what I really want to be.
- No matter how hard I work, I will never get ahead.
- You have to accept the luck of the draw.
- I am who I am; there is no changing me.
- No one is going to call me crazy, depressed, or troubled and then try to change me.
What behavior traits need to be developed in order to accept personal responsibility?
In order to accept personal responsibility you need to develop the ability to:
- Seek out and to accept help for yourself.
- Be open to new ideas or concepts about life and the human condition.
- Refute irrational beliefs and overcome fears.
- Affirm yourself positively.
- Recognize that you are the sole determinant of the choices you make.
- Recognize that you choose your responses to the people, actions, and events in your life.
- Let go of anger, fear, blame, mistrust, and insecurity.
- Take risks and to become vulnerable to change and growth in your life.
- Take off the masks of behavior characteristics behind which you hide low self-esteem.
- Reorganize your priorities and goals.
- Realize that you are the party in charge of the direction your life takes.
But it always catches up…
I really hate this…
Should I stop down,
and take it running with me?
Maybe it is time…
Just a bit of time more… I will try…
I should face responsibility…
Content below is from : Tools for Coping with Life's Stressors
What is accepting personal responsibility?
Accepting personal responsibility includes:
- Acknowledging that you are solely responsible for the choices in your life.
- Accepting that you are responsible for what you choose to feel or think.
- Accepting that you choose the direction for your life.
- Accepting that you cannot blame others for the choices you have made.
- Tearing down the mask of defense or rationale for why others are responsible for who you are, what has happened to you, and what you are bound to become.
- The rational belief that you are responsible for determining who your are, and how your choices affect your life.
- Pointing the finger of responsibility back to yourself and away from others when you are discussing the consequences of your actions.
- Realizing that you determine your feelings about any events or actions addressed to you, no matter how negative they seem.
- Recognizing that you are your best cheerleader; it is not reasonable or healthy for you to depend on others to make you feel good about yourself.
- Recognizing that as you enter adulthood and maturity, you determine how your self-esteem will develop.
- Not feeling sorry for the "bum deal" you have been handed but taking hold of your life and giving it direction and reason.
- Letting go of your sense of over responsibility for others.
- Protecting and nurturing your health and emotional well being.
- Taking preventive health oriented steps of structuring your life with time management, stress management, confronting fears, and burnout prevention.
- Taking an honest inventory of your strengths, abilities, talents, virtues, and positive points.
- Developing positive, self-affirming, self-talk scripts to enhance your personal development and growth.
- Letting go of blame and anger toward those in your past who did the best they could, given the limitations of their knowledge, background, and awareness.
- Working out anger, hostility, pessimism, and depression over past hurts, pains, abuse, mistreatment, and misdirection.
How can failing to accept personal responsibility result in negative consequences?
When you have not accepted personal responsibility, you can run the risk of becoming:
- Overly dependent on others for recognition, approval, affirmation, and acceptance.
- Chronically hostile, angry, or depressed over how unfairly you have been or are being treated.
- Fearful about ever taking a risk or making a decision.
- Overwhelmed by disabling fears.
- Unsuccessful at the enterprises you take on in life.
- Unsuccessful in personal relationships.
- Emotionally or physically unhealthy.
- Addicted to unhealthy substances, such as the abuse of alcohol, drugs, food, or unhealthy behavior such as excessive gambling, shopping, sex, smoking, work, etc.
- Over responsible and guilt ridden in your need to rescue and enable others in your life.
- Unable to develop trust or to feel secure with others.
- Resistant to vulnerability.
What do people believe who have not accepted personal responsibility?
- It's not my fault I am the way I am.
- I never asked to be born.
- Now that you have me, what are you going to do with me?
- I want you to fix me.
- Life is unfair! There is no sense in trying to take control of my life.
- Why go on; I see no use in it.
- You can't help me, nobody can help me. I'm useless and a failure.
- God has asked too much of me this time. There is no way I'll ever be able to handle this.
- When do the troubles and problems cease? I'm tired of all this.
- Stop the world; I want to get off.
- Life is so depressing. If only I had better luck and had been born to a healthier family, or attended a better school, or gotten a better job, etc.
- How can you say I am responsible for what happens to me in the future? There is fate, luck, politics, greed, envy, wicked and jealous people, and other negative influences that have a greater bearing on my future than I have.
- How can I ever be happy, seeing how bad my life has been?
- My parents made me what I am today!
- The problems in my family have influenced who I am and what I will be; there is nothing I can do to change that.
- Racism, bigotry, prejudice, sexism, ageism, and closed mindedness all stand in the way of my becoming what I really want to be.
- No matter how hard I work, I will never get ahead.
- You have to accept the luck of the draw.
- I am who I am; there is no changing me.
- No one is going to call me crazy, depressed, or troubled and then try to change me.
What behavior traits need to be developed in order to accept personal responsibility?
In order to accept personal responsibility you need to develop the ability to:
- Seek out and to accept help for yourself.
- Be open to new ideas or concepts about life and the human condition.
- Refute irrational beliefs and overcome fears.
- Affirm yourself positively.
- Recognize that you are the sole determinant of the choices you make.
- Recognize that you choose your responses to the people, actions, and events in your life.
- Let go of anger, fear, blame, mistrust, and insecurity.
- Take risks and to become vulnerable to change and growth in your life.
- Take off the masks of behavior characteristics behind which you hide low self-esteem.
- Reorganize your priorities and goals.
- Realize that you are the party in charge of the direction your life takes.
Friday, July 20, 2007
O3 = Ozone
O3 actually existed around us for so long and I didn't really bother understanding what it is all about...
Since I know a little more about it, I think I should share with those idiots out there who still also doesn’t know much about O3.
I was told that O3 is a powerful thing and it actually has been used in Spa and health products... The first thing that strikes my tiny brain was:
“O3??? ya... ya... ya… wasn't O3 the new series of racquets from “Prince” for squash and tennis… which idiot use it in spa and health products?”
But actually after some uncertain explanation and assumptions from others and plus me checking it up on the internet, O3 is actually known as Ozone.
Ozone - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ozone (O3) is a triatomic molecule, consisting of three oxygen atoms. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic species O2. Ground-level ozone is an air pollutant with harmful effects on the respiratory systems of animals. On the other hand, ozone in the upper atmosphere protects living organisms by preventing damaging ultraviolet light from reaching the Earth's surface. It is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth's atmosphere. It has many industrial and consumer applications. Ozone therapy is a controversial alternative medicine practice; mainstream scientific medicine has found ozone to be harmful to humans, and equipment intended to be used for ozone therapy is banned in the United States.
Ozone, the first allotrope of a chemical element to be described by science, was discovered by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1840, who named it after the Greek word for smell (ozein), from the peculiar odor in lightning storms.The odor from a lightning strike is from ions produced during the rapid chemical changes, not the ozone itself.
Applications
Industrial applications:
Ozone can be used for bleaching substances and for killing microorganisms in air and water sources. Many municipal drinking water systems kill bacteria with ozone instead of the more common chlorine. Ozone has a very high oxidation potential. Ozone does not form organochlorine compounds, but it also does not remain in the water after treatment, so some systems introduce a small amount of chlorine to prevent bacterial growth in the pipes, or may use chlorine intermittently, based on results of periodic testing. Where electrical power is abundant, ozone is a cost-effective method of treating water, as it is produced on demand and does not require transportation and storage of hazardous chemicals. Once it has decayed, it leaves no taste or odor in drinking water. Low levels of ozone has been advertised to be of some disinfectant use in residential homes, however, the concentration of ozone required to have a substantial effect on airborne pathogens exceeds greatly safe levels recommended by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Environmental Protection Agency.
Most countries restrict the amount of ozone that can be generated by popular "ionizing" devices because ozone contributes to the development of smog. Smaller ozone machines may be employed by personal users for home use, and typically produce far less ozone than their larger counterparts. Due to their lower costs, almost all ozone generators designed for personal use employ the corona discharge method. In many countries, the production or operation of ozone generating devices is illegal.
Industrially, ozone or ozonated water is used to:
-Disinfect laundry in hospitals, food factories, care homes etc;
-Disinfect water before it is bottled;
-Deodorize air and objects, such as after a fire;
-Kill bacteria on food or on contact surfaces;
-Ozone swimming pool and spa sanitation;
-Scrub yeast and mold spores from the air in food processing plants;
-Wash fresh fruits and vegetables to kill yeast, mold and bacteria;
-Chemically attack contaminants in water (iron, arsenic, hydrogen sulfide, nitrites, and complex organics lumped together as "colour");
-Provide an aid to flocculation (agglomeration of molecules, which aids in filtration, where the iron and arsenic are removed);
-Manufacture chemical compounds via chemical synthesis;
-Clean and bleach fabrics (the latter use is patented);
-Assist in processing plastics to allow adhesion of inks;
-Age rubber samples to determine the useful life of a batch of rubber;
-Hospital operating rooms where air needs to be sterile;
-Eradicate water borne parasites such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium in surface water treatment plants. This process is known as ozonation.
Ozone is a reagent in many organic reactions in the laboratory and in industry. Ozonolysis is the cleavage of an alkene to carbonyl compounds.
Many hospitals in the U.S. and around the world use large ozone generators to decontaminate operating rooms between surgeries. The rooms are cleaned and then sealed airtight before being filled with ozone which effectively kills or neutralizes all remaining bacteria.
Consumer applications:
Ozone machines, with or without ionisation, are currently used to sanitise (high ozone output) and deodorize non-inhabited rooms, ductwork, vehicles, boats, woodsheds, and buildings.
Some models of air purifiers that also emit low levels of ozone have been sold in the US. These type of air purifiers claim to imitate nature's "filterless" air purifying mechanisms and claim to "sanitise" the air and/or household surfaces. The government successfully sued one company in 1995, ordering them to stop repeating health claims without supporting scientific studies.
Ozonated water is used to launder clothes, sanitise food, drinking water, and surfaces in the home. According to the FDA, it is "amending the food additive regulations to provide for the safe use of ozone in gaseous and aqueous phases as an antimicrobial agent on food, including meat and poultry." Studies at California Polytechnic University, have proven that low levels of ozone dissolved in filtered tapwater can produce more than a four-log (99.99%) reduction in such food-borne microorganisms as salmonella, e. Coli 0157:H7, campylobacter and others. Ironically, while ozone is considered an atmospheric pollutant, pollution and smog by the US government, it can actually reduce pollutants like pesticides in fruits and vegetables.
Ozone is used in spas or hot tubs with reduced levels of chlorine or bromine for keeping the water free of bacteria. As it does not remain in the water after treatment, it is ineffective at preventing bather cross-contamination, and must be used in conjunction with another sanitizer. Ozone gas is created by an ultraviolet light bulb or corona discharge chip and injected into the plumbing system.
Ozone is also widely used in treatment of water in aquaria and fish ponds. Its use can minimize bacterial growth control parasites and removes or reduce "yellowing" of the water. As the Ozone rapidly decomposes, at correctly controlled levels the application has no effect on the fish.
Ozone therapy:
Ozone therapy has been used in alternative medicine as a medical treatment in a number of different countries. Its use, however, is controversial.
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has banned ozone generators or ozone gas from being marketed for treatment of any medical conditions, based on the toxicity of ozone and the lack of scientific evidence for any beneficial effects at non-toxic levels.
One couple, Kenneth R. Thiefault and Mardel Barber, were convicted of and sent to prison in 1999 for violating this ban, which involved marketing ozone generators to cure AIDS, cancer, herpes, hepatitis, gangrene, or "almost any disease", without presenting any evidence to the FDA of effectiveness or safety.
However, it is worth noting that the FDA cannot allow any device to claim to treat any medical condition unless the device and/or treatment have gone through rigorous trials. It is not illegal to sell medical-grade ozone machines in the US, nor is it illegal to own one or use one. What is illegal is to sell them while claiming it treats disease. Many people use ozone therapy in the US, despite its unrecognized status with the FDA and allopathic medicine. It is legal to sell or own a medical-grade ozone machine in the US. It is also legal to self-administer ozone. Whether practitioners can administer or recommend the use of ozone is more complex.
臭氧 - 維基百科，自由的百科全書
臭氧是氧氣(O2)的同素異形體，在常溫下，它是一種有特殊臭味的藍色氣體。分子式為O3。
英文臭氧（Ozone）一詞源自希臘語ozon，意為「嗅」。
臭氧具有等腰三角形結構，三個氧原子分別位於三角形的三個頂點，頂角為116.79度。
臭氧極易分解，很不穩定。它不溶於液態氧，四氯化碳等。有很強的氧化性，在常溫下可將銀氧化成氧化銀，將硫化鉛氧化成硫酸鉛。臭氧可使許多有機色素脫色，侵蝕橡膠，很容易氧化有機不飽和化合物。臭氧在冰中極為穩定，其半衰期為2000年。
臭氧主要存在於距地球表面20公里的同溫層下部的臭氧層中。它吸收對人體有害的短波紫外線，防止其到達地球。
1785年，德國人在使用電機時，發現在電機放電時產生一種異味。1840年法國科學家基士揚·弗雷德日將它確定為臭氧。
在紫外線輻射下，通過電子放射或暴曬從雙原子氧氣可自然形成臭氧。工業上，用乾燥的空氣或氧氣，採用5~25kv的交流電壓進行無聲放電制取。另外，在低溫下電解稀硫酸，或將液體氧氣加熱都可制得臭氧。大自然很容易產生臭氧，在打雷閃電時會產生幾十萬伏的高壓電，電離空氣及有機物形成臭氧，稀薄的臭氧會給人以清新的感覺。因此在大雷雨後，空氣總是特別清新。
臭氧可用於淨化空氣，漂白飲用水，殺菌，處理工業廢物和作為漂白劑。
在夏季，由於工業和汽車廢氣的影響，尤其在大城市周圍農林地區在地表臭氧會形成和聚集。地表臭氧對人體，尤其是對眼睛，呼吸道等有侵蝕和損害作用。地表臭氧也對農作物或森林有害。
Since I know a little more about it, I think I should share with those idiots out there who still also doesn’t know much about O3.
I was told that O3 is a powerful thing and it actually has been used in Spa and health products... The first thing that strikes my tiny brain was:
“O3??? ya... ya... ya… wasn't O3 the new series of racquets from “Prince” for squash and tennis… which idiot use it in spa and health products?”
But actually after some uncertain explanation and assumptions from others and plus me checking it up on the internet, O3 is actually known as Ozone.
Ozone - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ozone (O3) is a triatomic molecule, consisting of three oxygen atoms. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic species O2. Ground-level ozone is an air pollutant with harmful effects on the respiratory systems of animals. On the other hand, ozone in the upper atmosphere protects living organisms by preventing damaging ultraviolet light from reaching the Earth's surface. It is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth's atmosphere. It has many industrial and consumer applications. Ozone therapy is a controversial alternative medicine practice; mainstream scientific medicine has found ozone to be harmful to humans, and equipment intended to be used for ozone therapy is banned in the United States.
Ozone, the first allotrope of a chemical element to be described by science, was discovered by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1840, who named it after the Greek word for smell (ozein), from the peculiar odor in lightning storms.The odor from a lightning strike is from ions produced during the rapid chemical changes, not the ozone itself.
Applications
Industrial applications:
Ozone can be used for bleaching substances and for killing microorganisms in air and water sources. Many municipal drinking water systems kill bacteria with ozone instead of the more common chlorine. Ozone has a very high oxidation potential. Ozone does not form organochlorine compounds, but it also does not remain in the water after treatment, so some systems introduce a small amount of chlorine to prevent bacterial growth in the pipes, or may use chlorine intermittently, based on results of periodic testing. Where electrical power is abundant, ozone is a cost-effective method of treating water, as it is produced on demand and does not require transportation and storage of hazardous chemicals. Once it has decayed, it leaves no taste or odor in drinking water. Low levels of ozone has been advertised to be of some disinfectant use in residential homes, however, the concentration of ozone required to have a substantial effect on airborne pathogens exceeds greatly safe levels recommended by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Environmental Protection Agency.
Most countries restrict the amount of ozone that can be generated by popular "ionizing" devices because ozone contributes to the development of smog. Smaller ozone machines may be employed by personal users for home use, and typically produce far less ozone than their larger counterparts. Due to their lower costs, almost all ozone generators designed for personal use employ the corona discharge method. In many countries, the production or operation of ozone generating devices is illegal.
Industrially, ozone or ozonated water is used to:
-Disinfect laundry in hospitals, food factories, care homes etc;
-Disinfect water before it is bottled;
-Deodorize air and objects, such as after a fire;
-Kill bacteria on food or on contact surfaces;
-Ozone swimming pool and spa sanitation;
-Scrub yeast and mold spores from the air in food processing plants;
-Wash fresh fruits and vegetables to kill yeast, mold and bacteria;
-Chemically attack contaminants in water (iron, arsenic, hydrogen sulfide, nitrites, and complex organics lumped together as "colour");
-Provide an aid to flocculation (agglomeration of molecules, which aids in filtration, where the iron and arsenic are removed);
-Manufacture chemical compounds via chemical synthesis;
-Clean and bleach fabrics (the latter use is patented);
-Assist in processing plastics to allow adhesion of inks;
-Age rubber samples to determine the useful life of a batch of rubber;
-Hospital operating rooms where air needs to be sterile;
-Eradicate water borne parasites such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium in surface water treatment plants. This process is known as ozonation.
Ozone is a reagent in many organic reactions in the laboratory and in industry. Ozonolysis is the cleavage of an alkene to carbonyl compounds.
Many hospitals in the U.S. and around the world use large ozone generators to decontaminate operating rooms between surgeries. The rooms are cleaned and then sealed airtight before being filled with ozone which effectively kills or neutralizes all remaining bacteria.
Consumer applications:
Ozone machines, with or without ionisation, are currently used to sanitise (high ozone output) and deodorize non-inhabited rooms, ductwork, vehicles, boats, woodsheds, and buildings.
Some models of air purifiers that also emit low levels of ozone have been sold in the US. These type of air purifiers claim to imitate nature's "filterless" air purifying mechanisms and claim to "sanitise" the air and/or household surfaces. The government successfully sued one company in 1995, ordering them to stop repeating health claims without supporting scientific studies.
Ozonated water is used to launder clothes, sanitise food, drinking water, and surfaces in the home. According to the FDA, it is "amending the food additive regulations to provide for the safe use of ozone in gaseous and aqueous phases as an antimicrobial agent on food, including meat and poultry." Studies at California Polytechnic University, have proven that low levels of ozone dissolved in filtered tapwater can produce more than a four-log (99.99%) reduction in such food-borne microorganisms as salmonella, e. Coli 0157:H7, campylobacter and others. Ironically, while ozone is considered an atmospheric pollutant, pollution and smog by the US government, it can actually reduce pollutants like pesticides in fruits and vegetables.
Ozone is used in spas or hot tubs with reduced levels of chlorine or bromine for keeping the water free of bacteria. As it does not remain in the water after treatment, it is ineffective at preventing bather cross-contamination, and must be used in conjunction with another sanitizer. Ozone gas is created by an ultraviolet light bulb or corona discharge chip and injected into the plumbing system.
Ozone is also widely used in treatment of water in aquaria and fish ponds. Its use can minimize bacterial growth control parasites and removes or reduce "yellowing" of the water. As the Ozone rapidly decomposes, at correctly controlled levels the application has no effect on the fish.
Ozone therapy:
Ozone therapy has been used in alternative medicine as a medical treatment in a number of different countries. Its use, however, is controversial.
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has banned ozone generators or ozone gas from being marketed for treatment of any medical conditions, based on the toxicity of ozone and the lack of scientific evidence for any beneficial effects at non-toxic levels.
One couple, Kenneth R. Thiefault and Mardel Barber, were convicted of and sent to prison in 1999 for violating this ban, which involved marketing ozone generators to cure AIDS, cancer, herpes, hepatitis, gangrene, or "almost any disease", without presenting any evidence to the FDA of effectiveness or safety.
However, it is worth noting that the FDA cannot allow any device to claim to treat any medical condition unless the device and/or treatment have gone through rigorous trials. It is not illegal to sell medical-grade ozone machines in the US, nor is it illegal to own one or use one. What is illegal is to sell them while claiming it treats disease. Many people use ozone therapy in the US, despite its unrecognized status with the FDA and allopathic medicine. It is legal to sell or own a medical-grade ozone machine in the US. It is also legal to self-administer ozone. Whether practitioners can administer or recommend the use of ozone is more complex.
臭氧 - 維基百科，自由的百科全書
臭氧是氧氣(O2)的同素異形體，在常溫下，它是一種有特殊臭味的藍色氣體。分子式為O3。
英文臭氧（Ozone）一詞源自希臘語ozon，意為「嗅」。
臭氧具有等腰三角形結構，三個氧原子分別位於三角形的三個頂點，頂角為116.79度。
臭氧極易分解，很不穩定。它不溶於液態氧，四氯化碳等。有很強的氧化性，在常溫下可將銀氧化成氧化銀，將硫化鉛氧化成硫酸鉛。臭氧可使許多有機色素脫色，侵蝕橡膠，很容易氧化有機不飽和化合物。臭氧在冰中極為穩定，其半衰期為2000年。
臭氧主要存在於距地球表面20公里的同溫層下部的臭氧層中。它吸收對人體有害的短波紫外線，防止其到達地球。
1785年，德國人在使用電機時，發現在電機放電時產生一種異味。1840年法國科學家基士揚·弗雷德日將它確定為臭氧。
在紫外線輻射下，通過電子放射或暴曬從雙原子氧氣可自然形成臭氧。工業上，用乾燥的空氣或氧氣，採用5~25kv的交流電壓進行無聲放電制取。另外，在低溫下電解稀硫酸，或將液體氧氣加熱都可制得臭氧。大自然很容易產生臭氧，在打雷閃電時會產生幾十萬伏的高壓電，電離空氣及有機物形成臭氧，稀薄的臭氧會給人以清新的感覺。因此在大雷雨後，空氣總是特別清新。
臭氧可用於淨化空氣，漂白飲用水，殺菌，處理工業廢物和作為漂白劑。
在夏季，由於工業和汽車廢氣的影響，尤其在大城市周圍農林地區在地表臭氧會形成和聚集。地表臭氧對人體，尤其是對眼睛，呼吸道等有侵蝕和損害作用。地表臭氧也對農作物或森林有害。
Wednesday, July 18, 2007
<<超人>>
<<超人>>
作曲: Johan Fransson / Tobias Lundgren / Tim Larsson
填词: 李安修
编曲: Edward Chan
监制: 李安修（灰熊厉害有限公司）/ 陈德建
我有六塊的腹肌 在西裝褲裡
李白杜甫陶淵明 在我腦海裡
匯豐AE中國銀 都有我參與
可是你卻在哪裡 ah ah ah!
Oh oh! 一個人一顆心
Oh oh! 等待有人珍惜
Oh oh! 我的一切超級 都是因為你
I am your superman 是你的超人
I am your superman Oh oh! Oh oh!
I am your superman 你是我babe
I am your superman ~~~yeah
每間好吃的餐廳 都想到約你
環游世界的旅行 一定要有你
我的心裡全是你 幸福又happy
再來一對叫媽咪 Oh Oh Oh!
Oh oh! 隻要你說一句
Oh oh! 沒什麼不可以
Oh oh! 不管上天下地 一切沒問題
I am your superman 是你的超人
I am your superman Oh oh! Oh oh!
I am your superman you drive me crazy
I am your superman ~~~
come along come along 我要帶你上月球 come along come along
come along come along 愛讓時間也倒流 come along come along
I am your superman 是你的超人 (是你的超人)
I am your superman Oh oh! Oh oh!
I am your superman 你是我babe
I am your superman ~~~ (oh oh yeah)
Oh ah oh oh! Oh ah oh oh! Oh ah oh oh! Oh oh! Oh oh! (yeah)
Oh ah oh oh! (superman) Oh ah oh oh! Oh ah oh oh!(yeah) Oh oh! Oh oh!
I am your superman 是你的超人
I am your superman (superman) Oh oh! Oh oh!
I am your superman you drive me crazy (you drive me crazy)
I am your superman Oh oh! Oh oh!
Superman!
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